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The school walls have a fresh coat of paint and classrooms are crammed �鶹APP� but it will take longer to undo the damage done to thousands of Iraqi children who lived under Islamic State for more than two years.

Although the school term began officially in September, only this week have pupils in the northern town of Qayyara been reissued with standard Iraqi textbooks, which the militants replaced with their own in an attempt to brainwash a generation. 

Islamic State (ISIL) was driven from the town three months ago in the early stages of a campaign to recapture the city of Mosul, which lies about 40 miles to the north and is now under assault by Iraqi security forces backed by a US-led coalition.

As ISIL�鶹APP�s self-proclaimed caliphate is eroded, a clearer picture is emerging of the group�鶹APP�s project and the enduring mark left on those who lived through it. 

�鶹APP�We are happy to be back at school,�鶹APP� said eight-year-old Iman, who like most of her classmates stopped attending classes after ISIL took control. �鶹APP�They wanted us to come but we didn�鶹APP�t want to because we don�鶹APP�t know how to study in their language, the language of violence.�鶹APP�

When the militants overran the area in the summer of 2014, they allowed schools to run as normal, local people said. But later they banned subjects they considered un-Islamic such as geography, history and civic education, and used boys�鶹APP� schools as a recruiting ground. 

The following school year, beginning in 2015, Islamic State imposed an entirely new curriculum to inculcate children with their ideology. Maths exercises were expressed in terms of weapons and ammunition: �鶹APP�one bullet plus two bullets equals how many bullets?�鶹APP�. 

At that point, most parents stopped sending their children to school and many pupils who were old enough to make up their minds left voluntarily. 

As a result, most children have been set back by two grades. And since some teachers have been displaced by the violence, there is only one teacher for roughly every 80 pupils at the girls�鶹APP� school in Qayyara.  

�鶹APP�They have forgotten their lessons�鶹APP� Now we are reminding them,�鶹APP� said their teacher Maha Nadhem Kadhem, pacing around the classroom, in which four girls are squeezed onto each bench made for two. �鶹APP�We don�鶹APP�t want them to be illiterate and ignorant.�鶹APP� 

The headmistress, who asked to remain unnamed, said Islamic State�鶹APP�s vice squad known as the Hisba had made regular visits to the school to ensure compliance with the group�鶹APP�s strict dress code for women and girls. Others such as Farouq Mahjoub, the assistant headmaster of a secondary school for boys in Qayyara, said he had been threatened with death unless he turned up to work, even though no pupils came to class by the end.       

�鶹APP�The biggest impact is on children,�鶹APP� said Mahjoub, whose school was hit by an airstrike several months ago. �鶹APP�Children are malleable; you can change their opinion and beliefs quickly.�鶹APP�

Mahjoub said children behaved more aggressively than before and that the games they play now are violent, estimating it would take no less than five years to reverse the damage, even if a plan to rehabilitate them was put into effect.

Missing from the classroom in the girls�鶹APP� school are dozens of pupils whose male relatives were associated with ISIL and are no longer welcome in Qayyara. Mahjoub said around 10 of his own students had joined the militants.

Behind the school are the remains of a car bomb that has yet to be removed and the sky is dark with smoke from oil wells the militants set ablaze, making it hard to breathe and turning sheep black.